The characteristics of fiber optic

Optical fiber is a dielectric waveguide that operates at optical frequencies. Each filament consists of a central plastic or crystal core with a high refractive index, surrounded by a layer of similar material with a slightly lower refractive index.

When the light reaches a surface that borders a lower refractive index, it is largely reflected, the greater the difference in indices and the greater the angle of incidence, then there is talk of total internal reflection.

Inside an optical fiber, the light is reflected against the walls at very open angles, so that it practically advances through its center. In this way, the light signals can be guided without loss over long distances.

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Throughout the entire creation and development of the optical fiber, some of its features have been changing to improve it. The most outstanding features of fiber optic today are:

• Stronger coverage: the cover contains 25% more material than conventional covers.
• Dual-use (indoor and outdoor): The resistance to water and ultraviolet emissions, the resistant cover and the extended environmental performance of the optical fiber contribute to greater reliability during the life of the fiber.
• Greater protection in humid places: The intrusion of the moisture inside the fiber with multiple layers of protection around this one is combated, which provides the fiber, a greater useful life, and reliability in humid places.
• High-density packaging: With the maximum number of fibers in the smallest possible diameter, a faster and easier installation is achieved, where the cable must face sharp bends and narrow spaces. A cable with 72 super dense construction fibers whose diameter is 50% smaller than that of conventional cables has been achieved.

Optical transmission system with dynamic compensation of transmitted power.

A fiber-optic system is proposed for transmission with dynamic power compensation. This system comprises a transmission line having at least 1 optical fiber amplifier. It is planned to connect an optical amplifier with a stabilized coefficient. gain to the input of the line and this amplifier contains a local generator capable of emitting an auxiliary compensation wave, the length of which is located in the gain band of each amplifier with an optical fiber in this line. The invention is applied in networks of fiber optic transmission of information.

Dispersion-compensating optical fiber.

An optical fiber that compensates for dispersion has been developed. This fiber can be used. connected to an optical fiber having chromatic dispersion at the transmitted wavelength, in order to eliminate the latter almost completely. The developed fiber contains a core made of quartz-based glass and a sheath formed on the surface of the core also from the quartz-based glass. A protective layer of polymer is formed over the shell. The diameter of the compensating fiber is <250 µm. External coating thickness =20 µm. Coverage m. executed two-layer.

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Optical fiber with controlled dispersion.

An optical fiber with controlled dispersion is proposed in which control is carried out by changing the wavelength of zero-dispersion along the fiber length. Installed optim. dispersion control mode for the case in which the upper and lower wavelength ranges of zero-dispersion are widely spaced and are asymmetrically located relative to the operating wavelength. The use of such a fiber in communication networks can reduce signal distortion during transmission.

Long distance fiber optic with protective plastic pipes

The advantages of laying optical cables by blowing in protective plastic pipes are considered. 300 km long fiber optic transmission line connecting St. Petersburg with Lyuban and Luga is presented. When laying the lines, the considered method was used.

Measuring technique. Fast tunable laser with a range of 1.5 microns.

Firm BFI Optical GmbH (Germany) released the LD model 6428, which provides the possibility of quick wavelength tuning in a range from 1500 to 1575 nm, which has high stability and performance. The tuning speed of its wavelength can reach 100 nm / s with a resolution of ~ 1 nm. The output power of the generator with an LD of this model is stable in the range from 1520 to 1570 nm and is 6 dBm (4 mW). When tuning the wavelength in the entire specified range, the absence of mode jumps is guaranteed. Instability of the established wavelength in time <100 MHz in 24 hours
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Long-distance fiber optic with protective plastic pipes

The advantages of laying optical cables by blowing in protective plastic pipes are considered. 300 km long fiber optic transmission line connecting St. Petersburg with Lyuban and Luga is presented. When laying the lines, the considered method was used.

Sidestream injection synchronization using non-degenerate four-wave mixing in an LD with a distributed OS.

We experimentally demonstrated the synchronization of side-band injection between 2 LDs with a distributed OS, in which non-degenerate four-wave mixing with a high degree of saturation is used. Theor received confirmation. the assumption that injection synchronization takes place only if the frequency difference between the master and slave LDs is> 200 GHz with respect to the diversity of the Fabry-Perot LD modes. The experimental scheme is given. installation.

A radiation source module with a phase synchronization loop to form a coherent optical beam.

An optical module with a phase synchronization loop is presented, designed and manufactured for coherent optical beam formation systems. Beam Forming Devices m. used in multipath mobile communication systems with phased arrays. The module uses a phase synchronization loop with a tuning range of ~ 7-14 GHz.

On the possibility of generating and amplifying optical radiation at a wavelength of 1.3 μm in fiber optical fibers based on neodymium-doped quartz glass

The structure of a multilayer fiber waveguide is studied, which allows one to suppress radiation at a specific wavelength. It is shown that based on such a fiber made of ordinary quartz glass doped with neodymium ions and with appropriately selected parameters, fiber lasers and optical pulse amplifiers at a wavelength of 1.3 μm can be obtained.

Special optical fibers

As already noted in the introduction, OMs are currently widely used not only in FOSP but also in various fiber-optic sensors (VOD) of physical quantities and in fiber-optic devices (HEU). The specificity of this application requires the creation of OM with special properties. Among these special optical agents, formed mainly (like telecommunication optical agents) based on highly pure silica glass, are primarily: optical agents preserving the polarization of radiation; active agents; radiation-resistant OM and microstructured OM. Below, we consider the main characteristics of these OMs and the technology for preparing blanks for these OMs, the fibers themselves are pulled from the blanks on a conventional exhaust system.
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OBs preserving the polarization of radiation

The light propagating in single-mode fibers can be represented as the sum of two polarization modes. Each polarization mode propagates parallel to the fiber axis with its own phase and group velocity values. The phase front of the modes is flat, and the normal to the plane of the phase front is parallel to the fiber axis. The spatial distribution of fields in the polarization fiber modes is the same (Gaussian), and they differ in that they are polarized orthogonally, as can be seen from Fig. 6.1. In an ideal OB, these modes should propagate with the same velocities, i.e. must be degenerate.

However, in a real fiber, some defects are possible: the ellipticity of the core, its misalignment with the fiber axis, microbeads, various non-isotropic stresses lying in the plane of the perpendicular axis of the aircraft, inhomogeneities along the fiber length, etc. All these defects lead to different propagation velocities of modes orthogonal in polarization, and the phase velocities of these modes are inversely proportional to their SP. As a result of this, a phase delay R (the difference between the phase incursions of the modes) arises between the polarization modes. The length of the OM, at which the phase delay is 2, is called the runout length. In modern high-quality organic matter, the run-out length ranges from 10 cm to several meters. Therefore, we can talk about the inherent OM birefringence (DLP), which is written as:

where B - DLP, which is the difference between the PP of two polarization modes (Dn = n slow. - n fast. ), Lb is the beat length at a wavelength l. Thus, in telecommunication OMs, Dn is small in comparison with the difference between the PPs of the core and shell materials; therefore, polarization dispersion in OMs is only spoken at high transmission rates (> 10 Gbit / s). However, it is impossible to transmit polarized, in particular, linearly polarized radiation over telecommunication OBs over considerable distances.

There are two different approaches to the creation of organic matter preserving the polarization of radiation: these are fibers with a small DLP (respectively, a large beating length) and fibers with a large DLP, which is much larger than the DLP characteristic of a conventional AC.

Consider several options for the construction of fiber optic links.

FOCL inside one building. In this case, a two-fiber OK (“Noodle” type) is used for communication, which, if necessary, can be laid in the PND-32 tube under a raised floor or along walls in decorative boxes. All work can be done by the customer himself if the supplied cable is terminated with appropriate connectors.
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FOCL between buildings is built with a wok laying either along with the wells of cable communications or by hanging a wok between supports. In this case, it is necessary to ensure the coupling of a thick multi-fiber cable with optical transceivers. For this, cable sleeves are used in which the ends of the wok are cut, the fibers are identified and the fibers are terminated with connectors corresponding to the selected transceivers. This work can be done in several ways.
You can order a wok in a special performance Break-Out. This is a more expensive option, but you can immediately terminate the cable with optical connectors, remove terminated modules (cords similar to mounting wires) from the coupling and connect them to the transceiver equipment.
Optical cords with pigtail connectors can be welded to the fibers cut into the cable box. The length of the pigtail is selected for reasons of convenience for the user (for example, 3 m).
It is possible to terminate the fibers with connectors and plug the connectors from the inside into optical sockets (coupling) mounted in the wall of the cable box. Outside, an optical cord connector is inserted into the coupling leading to the transceiver equipment.
There are other ways to connect the wok with optical transceivers. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the practice of VIACOM OPTIC specialists, the third method has spread, since it is economical, reliable, provides low insertion optical losses through the use of sockets and connectors with ceramic elements, and is also convenient for users.

Special mention should be made of the need for optical cross-connect.

It should be noted that in recent years several methods for splicing optical fibers have been developed. Universal is considered a method of splicing fibers by welding on a special apparatus. Such devices are produced by firms: BICC (Great Britain), Ericsson (Sweden), Fujikura, Sumitomo (Japan). The high cost of welding machines has led to the creation of alternative technologies for splicing optical fibers.

Announcement - Fiber Optic Installer Certification

The Fiber Optic Installer Certification Course provides participants with the knowledge of installation, connectorization, splicing, testing and measurements of multimode and single-mode optical fiber. They will become experts in the installation of connectors, and mechanical and fusion splices.

Participants will have the option of taking the Fiber Optic Installer (FOI) certification exam of the International Association of Electronics Technicians (ETA-I, accredited by the International Certification Accreditation Council - ICAC). This course will provide participants with the skills to work in a cell phones, cable TV, and communications companies that install, test and maintain fiber optic networks.

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Course Level: Introductory to intermediate

Course Level: Introductory to intermediate

Course duration: 4 days (50% theoretical, 50% practical)

Dates: February 9, 16, 23 and March 2

Prices: $ 325 for one day, $ 625 for 2 days, $ 925 for 3 (no IVU is charged)

Optional: $ 150 for the ETA-International Certification exam

$ 100 for the preparatory session for the ETA-I exam

$ 25 Certificate of Continuing Education (30 HC)

Information Security Analyst - who is he? Immersion in the profession

Today we will give you an overview of the daily duties of an information security analyst. His work is, in fact, a constant analysis of raw data from
heterogeneous sources of events (information and network) security to maintain (and preferably) increase the level of security of the organization. These are not always specific practical actions, but, as a rule, they include data aggregation from many possible sources: event logs of operating systems, firewalls, routers, antivirus scanners, and much more. Then he needs to combine
or match them to obtain a data set that can be processed using appropriate algorithms.

Security Analytics in Detail

The difficult part of the IB analytics profession is to find the current active threats in the notorious haystack. And what's more, go beyond the current threat to see and analyze the whole picture. And as a result, block all threats similar to it or come up with a one-time, but effective answer. 

In order to do this correctly, it is important to immediately determine the type of analysis required, as well as highlight the specific events on which you will focus in this investigation.

This is a bird's eye view of information security analytics.


Now let's talk about Security Information and Event Management, or SIEM. This, in essence, is the same as I described above - processing event logs, mainly from the logs of operating systems, network devices and other security tools, and their subsequent combined analysis. At the end of the analysis, classical mathematical statistics are used so that the initial data can be reliably interpreted by people.